Hawker Siddeley Hs 748 Pdf To Word
Intervertebral disc prolapse - Flying in high performance aircraft FactorThe RMA has defined 'high performance aircraft' as meaning 'an aircraft capable of routinely sustaining a positive G force of four or more'.The first planes that were 'high performance' or 'high G' were the fighter planes introduced during World War II, such as Spitfires or Hurricanes. The wearing of anti G suits (to prevent loss of consciousness) became commonplace after WW2, and if worn by the aircrew, is a good indicator that the aircraft was liable to pull high positive Gs in common flight profiles. However, anti G suits would not be worn in heavy bombers, transport, helicopters etc, indicating that sustaining G forces was not an expected part of that aircraft flight profile.With WW2 aircraft anti-G suits were not necessarily available.
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In these circumstances it may be necessary to look at the role of the aircraft (were they used in a fighter combat role), or if the aircraft had a number of roles, the role of the claimant (what type of missions did they fly).The following aircraft may be considered 'high performance aircraft'. The following aircraft are not considered 'high performance aircraft'.
US$1.6M (1972)VariantsThe Hawker Siddeley HS 748 is a medium-sized originally designed and initially produced by the British aircraft manufacturer. It was the last aircraft to be developed by Avro prior to its dissolution.The HS 748 was developed during the late 1950s as a move to re-orientate the company towards the civil and export markets. Powered by the popular engine, it was specifically designed as a modern to act as a replacement for the aging then in widespread service. Originally intended to seat a smaller number of passengers, market research indicated that a seating capacity of around 40 passengers would be optimal for the type.
As a means to differentiate the new airliner from competitors, it was designed to possess a high level of performance, including its (STOL) capabilities and overall ruggedness. First flying on 24 June 1960, the series 1 HS 748 entered revenue service during the following year.Once in service, the HS 748 found itself a niche within the short-haul market.
Several different models would be developed of the, typical improvements being the adoption of increasingly powerful Dart engines and a higher gross weight. Perhaps the most distinct variant was the, a dedicated military transport model developed for the (RAF) that featured a large rear loading ramp and a squatting main landing gear to assist in loading bulky freight items. By 1988, the year in which production of the type was terminated, 380 aircraft had been produced between (the owning company of Avro) and Indian aviation company (HAL). During the 1990s, a larger, stretched development of the HS 748, the, was developed and had attempted to compete with market leaders such as the and, but saw only limited sales prior to production being terminated. Contents.Development Background Following the release of the, in which then- announced that the termination of almost all manned military aircraft development, aircraft manufacturer Avro decided that it should place a greater emphasis upon the civilian market. Ten years prior, it had launched a civilian airliner, the series, but this had encountered few sales; thus, during 1958, it was decided to commence work upon a clean-sheet design, which would eventually become the HS 748.
On 9 January 1959, the existence of the project, then referred to as the Avro 748, was announced to the public.By this point, the four-engined had already secured the larger end of the short-haul market, therefore Avro decided that it would design a smaller, powered by a pair of engines. It was envisioned that this aircraft would be a suitable replacement for the many that were by then reaching the end of their economic lifespan.
Hawker Siddeley Company
According to aviation periodical, a major goal for the design team was to produce an aircraft that would be capable of operating from any airfield that the DC-3 could be.Early intentions for the airliner was of a 20–30 seat aircraft, adopting a somewhat similar configuration to the future rival; however, following discussions with several potential customers, the company opted for a low-wing 40-seat configuration. It was this latter arrangement that was chosen for the 748 project. Another important focus for the prospective airliner was compliance with both British and standards of; accordingly, it would be one of the first medium-sized aircraft to incorporate design principles for its structure in place of the then-common principles being practiced. The airframe effectively lacked any imposed lifespan; during development, it was successfully tested using a for up to the equivalent of 100,000 flight hours.Avro was not the only company to see the potential for a DC-3 replacement and, by this point, work on the 748's direct competitor, the -built F27 Friendship, was well advanced.
To differentiate itself from the competition, Avro decided to focus its efforts upon achieving a more rugged design that offered superior (STOL) performance, which enabled the prospective airliner to be operated from smaller and more austere airports, including those without modern. This STOL capability was accomplished via several features, including the adoption of a long, which was fitted with a unique with a hinged at the.
This wing was mounted low on the fuselage with from the root, allowing for good overall ground clearance and the easy mounting of strong. Operationally, pilots were provided with a choice of three takeoff flap settings to select the level of STOL performance required.Another supportive feature of the 748 was a design decision to adopt straightforward systems and use proven components where realistically possible.
For operator convenience, the engines were provided with an internal ignition system; various other systems and structures throughout the airliner were designed to be easy to inspect and to perform repairs upon, even when at unprepared airstrips with limited equipment available. Likely as a consequence of these favourable qualities, the 748 quickly attracted the attention of a variety of airlines, particularly those that typically operated in remote areas, which has been attributed to its ability to operate from short rough fields without any ground service equipment while being capable of hauling in excess of 10,000 lb. Into flight. Avro 748 Series 1 at, Buenos Aires, in 1972On 24 June 1960, the first Avro 748 made its from the company's aircraft factory. Flight testing of the two prototypes quickly validated the type's short-field performance. Eighteen Avro 748 Series 1 aircraft were produced; during April 1962, the first production aircraft were delivered to launch customer. However, the majority of the series 1 were export sales to operator.
During the early 1960s, Avro's individual identity within the Group was expunged, after which the airliner was marketed by the parent company as the HS 748.After the initial batch of series 1 aircraft was completed, production transitioned to the improved series 2. The series 2 was largely similar to its predecessor, principally benefiting from the adoption of more powerful Dart RDa 7 Mk 531 engines and an increased gross weight. According to aviation periodical, during 1960, the basic price for a new Avro 748 Series 1 was £176,000, while that of the corresponding Avro 748 Series 2 was reportedly £196,000.During 1967, the series 2A was introduced, which was the same basic aircraft powered by Mk.
532 engines along with a further increase in gross weight. From 1971 onwards, several new options were made available to customers, including a large freight door in the rear cabin and a strengthened cabin floor. During 1979, the Series 2B was introduced, which saw a 4-foot increase in, the adoption of Mk 536-2 engines, along with a modernised passenger cabin, and various improvements to the fuel, and engine. During 1976, Eric Johnson, sales engineering manager of Hawker Siddeley Manchester, stated that the company was studying options for equipping a model of the HS 748 with engines, and that a preferred powerplant at that point was the, as used on the jetliner. Other changes would likely have been incorporated, including the addition of lift dumpers and adaptive brakes for better landing performance, while electrical, and systems would be redesigned; externally, a dihedral would have to be introduced to keep the tailplane clear of the jet exhaust. It was envisioned that the reengined aircraft could offers larger seating arrangements of up to 64 seats.In addition to the British production line, manufacture of the 748 was also performed overseas.
Early on, India had placed orders for the type. Both the 748 Series 1 and Series 2 were in Indian manufacturer (HAL), aircraft produced by the company were designated HAL-748. On 1 November 1961, the first Indian-assembled HAL-748 made its first flight. By the end of production, HAL had completed 89 Indian-built aircraft, 72 of which were for the and 17 were delivered to national. While the HS 748 was originally intended to be marketed principally towards the civilian market, numerous examples were sold to military customers around the world. Hawker Siddeley used the design as the basis for the, a military transport aircraft developed and produced for the.
In terms of its design, the HS 780 was broadly similar to the 748, differing primarily by its redesigned rear and, which incorporated a large rear loading ramp and a squatting main landing gear to better facilitate the loading of bulky freight items.During 1988, production of the HS 748 was terminated, while the last British-assembled aircraft made its first flight on 1 December of that year. According to, a successor company to Hawker Siddeley, during the type's production life, a total of 381 aircraft had been produced, when including both the Andover and HAL-built examples. Operational history. This section needs expansion. You can help. ( June 2019)Within its first decade of its availability, sales of the HS 748 had reportedly been relatively brisk; by 1976, the sale of 312 aircraft had been recorded, of which 259 had been to export customers.
Within ten years of its launch, India had emerged as the largest single market for the airliner, being the largest HS 748 operator with a fleet of 26 aircraft. It had been popular with numerous commercial operators, across the and alone, 63 HS 748s were in operation with 11 separate operators.The HS 748 had been able to achieve some triumphs over competing rivals, including the F27 Friendship. Had been the F27's largest operator prior to its decision to replace both it and its remaining DC-3s with the HS 748, which represented a significant sales coup for the latter. Other major civil operators included,. Several of these operators would utilise its STOL capabilities in their services; according to Flight International, over one-third of all scheduled operations were reportedly involved operations from rough airstrips with minimalist facilities.Another key market for the HS 748 was the role; the type was repeatedly procured to serve as the designated aircraft for various, including of, India, and the United Kingdom. The HS 748 was one of the last planes to be flown by noted. During 1972, Hughes performed several flights of the type, each time accompanied by Hawker Siddeley test pilot Tony Blackman, flying from the company's airport in.The Australian military purchased several aircraft; specifically, the (RAAF) procured a fleet of ten HS 748s, the first of which arriving in 1968, for navigation training and transporting.
The (RAN) operated a pair of HS 748s starting in 1973 as a navigational trainer. Following, relief aid was delivered across using the type; after being fitted with various (ECM) during the late 1970s, HS 748s were also used for training.In a typical passenger configuration, the HS 748 can accommodate around 40–48 seats in a four abreast layout; however, the majority of later-serving passenger HS 748s were typically operated as quick change combis. These aircraft are fitted with a movable that divides the main cabin, housing between 4 and 40 seats in the rear section while cargo in placed the forward section. The 748 has also been widely used as a pure freighter, having a typical max payload of about 12,000 lbs. Several carriers have used the 748 as a bulk fuel hauler, in which capacity it is normally with either seven or eight fixed tanks in the cabin, possessing a total capacity of about 7500 litres (2000 US Gallons).
The designator as used in is A748. Variants.
748 Series 1 – The original Avro 748 twin-engined short / medium-range airliner, powered by two Rolls-Royce Dart RDa 7 Mk 514 turboprop engines. 24 built. 748 Series 2 – The Series 2 entered production in 1961 with a higher take-off weight and Mk 531 engines. 111 built.
748 Series 2A – Introduced in 1967, with a further increase in take-off weight and Mk 532 or 534 engines. 157 built, making the 748 one of the more successful British airliners and the 2A the most popular variant.
748 Series 2B – The main production model after Hawker-Siddeley was absorbed by British Aerospace, the 2B featured a 4-foot increase in wingspan, increased gross weight, Mk 536 engines, a modernized cabin, and systems improvements. 28 built.
Super 748 – Basically the same as the 2B but fitted with engine hush kits. 8 Built. – Modified version of the 748 design for the Royal Air Force. Fitted with kneeling undercarriage, raised tail unit and rear loading ramp.External image Hi-res cutaway of BAe Coastguarder. Coastguarder – A maritime patrol version.
748 Andover – Military passenger transport versions of the 748. HAL 748 – Licence production by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited at Bangalore India. Indian aircraft were later modified for a variety of roles including a trials aircraft for an version fitted with a large, known as the (ASP).
89 built. HAL 748 Series 2M – Production for the Indian Air Force (the last 20 built) were Series 2M aircraft with a large freight door.Accidents and incidents. On 10 July 1965, Avro 748-101 Series 1 G-ARMV of was at. The 51 people on board survived. This was the first accident that resulted in a write-off on an Avro 748 / HS748.
On 15 August 1967, two accidents involving HS-748-222 Series 2 aircraft of Channel Airways Limited, occurred roughly 90 minutes apart at Portsmouth Airport. In the first incident, G-ATEK, operating a scheduled service from Southend to Paris, via Portsmouth, landed in rainy conditions and was unable to stop in the available distance on the grass runway. The aircraft slid sideways, left the runway and stopped on an embankment. Some 90 minutes later, aircraft G-ATEH, operating a scheduled service from Jersey, via Guernsey to Portsmouth, landed and slid on the runway, crashed through a perimeter fence and came to rest on the main Eastern Road. There were no injuries in either accident, but both aircraft sustained serious damage.
An AIB investigation reported that 'both accidents were caused by inadequate braking which had resulted from the extremely low coefficient of friction provided by the very wet grass surface over the hard, dry and almost impermeable sub-soil'. On 4 February 1970, an Avro 748-105, crashed into the ground after the pilots lost control of the aircraft. The aircraft crashed at Loma Alta, and killed all 37 on board. On 9 December 1971, Indian Airlines, an HS 748, near Chinnamanur was descending into Madurai when it flew into high terrain about 50 mi (80 km) from the airport, killing the four crew members and 17 passengers. There were ten survivors among the passengers. The accident occurred in reduced visibility during daylight hours.
20 January 1976 – a HS 748-246 Series 2A registration HC-AUE crashed while flying over mountainous terrain at 10,000 feet. The aircraft struck trees with its right wing, lost control and crashed into the side of the mountain. The plane was en route from Loja to in Guayaquil,. Six crewmembers and 28 passengers were killed; 8 passengers survived.
3 March 1978 – crashed on departure from, Venezuela, all 46 on board are killed. 7 September 1978 – Air Ceylon HS 748 4R-ACJ destroyed by fire while parked at Colombo-Ratmalana, resulting from detonation of bomb placed on board by terrorists.
There were no fatalities. 31 July 1979 at Sumburgh Airport in the Shetland Islands, Scotland;, an HS 748 series 1 (registration G-BEKF) operating an oil industry support flight crashed. The aircraft failed to become airborne and crashed into the sea. The accident was due to the elevator gust-lock having become re-engaged, preventing the aircraft from rotating into a flying attitude. The aircraft was destroyed and 17 persons died from drowning. 22 August 1979 – An (a former of the ), stole a military HS 748 from a military hangar at the in, Colombia.
According to the news, this person stole the aircraft with the intention of crashing it against his parents' house. After some minutes in the air, it ran out of fuel and crashed, killing the impromptu pilot and three people on the ground. On 26 June 1981, an HS 748 2A mail flight from to crashed at Nailstone killing the 3 crew members. While descending, the right-hand rear door detached, struck the horizontal tail plane and became lodged on its leading edge. Control was lost, and the aircraft entered a steep dive. During the dive, the wings and tail plane failed due to overstressing. On 19 August 1981, Flight 557, an HAL 748 (VT-DXF) overshot the runway at in wet weather.
The aircraft came to a halt just beyond the runway edge. There were no fatalities but the damaged aircraft was written off. One of the passengers on board was ex-Cabinet Minister for Law, Justice and Company Affairs in the Government of India. 11 October 1983 – carrying 10 people crashed at night in a thunderstorm between Pinckneyville and Tamaroa, IL.
The flight originated at Chicago's and had stopped at Springfield, IL. The left generator had failed after takeoff and the first officer had mistakenly isolated the right generator. Attempts to restore the right generator were unsuccessful.
The captain elected to continue to the destination rather than return to the nearby airport. The cloud base was at 2000 feet MSL, but ATC could not provide an IFR below 3,000 feet just before the crash.
The crew indicated a total loss of electrical power. The left generator drive shaft had sheared. All ten passengers and crew were killed. 27 June 1987 – crashed onto a mountain after poor visibility hampered the pilot's attempt to land at in, Philippines. All 50 passengers and crew were killed. 29 April 1995 – an HS 748 serial CR835 (4R-HVB) was hit by an missile fired by the while on approach to. All 52 occupants on board were killed.
On 11 January 1999, an HAL 748 crashed into the ground after the pilots lost control of the aircraft. The aircraft crashed at, Tamil Nadu, India and killed the 2 crew and 6 passengers. 5 September 1999 – Necon Air Flight 128 from Pokhara to Kathmandu, a BAe 748-501 Super 2B (9N-AEG), collided with a communication tower of Nepal Telecommunication Corporation and crashed in a wooded area 25 km west of Kathmandu, while approaching Tribhuvan International Airport. All 10 passengers and 5 crew were killed. 1 June 2002 – Former South African cricket captain 's scheduled flight home from to had been grounded, so he hitched a ride as the only passenger on a cargo flight in an HS 748.
Near George airport, the pilots lost visibility in cloud, and were unable to land, partly due to unserviceable navigational equipment. While circling, the plane crashed into the mountains northeast of the airport. Cronje, aged 32, and the two pilots died. South Africa's High Court reached the conclusion that 'the death of the deceased Wessel Johannes (Hansie) Cronje was brought about by an act or omission amounting to an offence on the part of pilots.' However, with Cronje's involvement in match-fixing, theories that Cronje was murdered on the orders of a cricket betting syndicate flourished after his death. 12 June 2012 – A Hawker Siddeley 748 caught fire during ground operations at Sandy Lake First Nation in Northwestern Ontario. No injuries were reported.
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The aircraft burned completely; only the left wing and nacelle survived. 17 February 2014 – an HS 748-371 Srs 2B at Rubkona airport in South Sudan killing one crew member and injuring the other three. The cargo plane was carrying humanitarian Aid to South Sudan. 14 November 2014 – A BAe HS-748 crashed on approach to airstrip in South Sudan, killing two crew members and seriously injuring a third crew member. The cargo plane was on a charter flight for the Lutheran World Federation and carrying relief supplies from Juba, South Sudan.Operators Civil operators As of July 2018 a total of 12 HS 748 aircraft (all variants) remained in airline service. As of September 2018 (TC) list 13 HS 748 in Canada with a current Certificate of Registration and 1 with a cancelled certificate. Current operators are:.
(2). (1 as per reference above, 4 as per TC).
(1 as per reference above, 2 as per Air North, 4 as per TC). Avro Express (1). (2). Planes For Africa (2). Safe Air Company (1).
(2 as per reference above, 3 as per TC)Former civil operators. Nose section of G-ORAL at the.
Avro 748 Srs 1, c/n 1543 ex- G-BEJD, at Speke Aerodrome Heritage Group,. HS 748 Srs2/225, c/n 1592 ex-Emerald Airways G-ATMI, nose and front fuselage at the,.
HS 748 Srs2/229, c/n 1603 ex- A10-603, at. HS 748 Srs2/228, c/n 1606 ex-Royal Australian Air Force A10-606, at London Southend Airport. HS 748 Srs2a/266, c/n 1714 ex-Emerald Airways G-OPFW, cockpit at the,. HS 748 Srs2a/334, c/n 1756 ex-Emerald Airways G-ORAL, nose section at the,.
HS 748 Srs2a/372, c/n 1777 ex-Emerald Airways G-BVOV, fuselage underwater at the near.See also Related development.Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era.Related lists.References Citations.